Modernist Journals | Notable art movements and cultural groups

Notable art movements and cultural groups

Abbey Theater (National Theater of Ireland)
- Dates: 1904-
- Location: Dublin
- Related figures: Padraic Colum (1881-1972), Lady Gregory (1852-1932), Sean O’Casey (1880-1964), George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), John Millington Synge (1871-1909), William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
- Related terms: Celtic revival, Irish Free State, Irish Literary Revival, Irish Literary Theater, peasant life, the Playboy riots

Aesthetic Movement (Aesthetism)
- Dates: late 19^th century (c. 1860’s to 1890’s)
- Related figures: Ernest Dowson, Théophile Gautier, Walter Pater (1839-1894), Algernon Charles Swinburne, Arthur Symons, James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834-1903), Oscar Wilde
- Related keyterms: art for art’s sake, aestheticism, cult of beauty, dandy, decadence, decadents, fin de siècle, Pre-Raphaelites, sensuality, French symbolism

Art Nouveau (Also see “Vienna Secession”)
- Related figures: Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848-1933)
- Related keyterms: curvilinear form, decorative arts, Jugendstil (“youth style”)

Arts and Crafts Movement
- Related figures: William Morris

Bauhaus
- Dates: 1919-1933
- Location: Germany (Berlin, Dessau, Weimar)
- Related figures: Lyonel Feininger, Walter Gropius, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee
- Related keyterms: architecture, craftsmanship, design, functionality, mass manufacture

Der Blaue Reiter (“The Blue Horesman”)
- Dates: 1911-1914
- Location: Munich, Germany
- Related figures: Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944), Paul Klee, Franz Marc (1880-1916)
- Related keyterms: abstraction, color symbolism, (German) Expressionism, folk art, music, primitivism, printmaking, spiritual, spontaneity

Bloomsbury Group
- Location: Bloomsbury, London
- Related figures: Clive Bell (1881-1964), Vanessa Bell (1879-1961), E. M. Forster (1879-1970), Roger Fry (1866-1934), Duncan Grant (1885-1978), John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), Mary MacCarthy (1882-1953), Desmond MacCarthy (1877-1952), Lytton Strachey (1880-1932), Saxon Sydney-Turner (1880-1962), Leonard Woolf (1880-1969), Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)
- Related keyterms: aesthetic appreciation, anti-imperialism, Apostles, atheism, Cambridge University, conscientious objector, elitism, feminism, G. E. Moore’s Principia Ethica, intrinsic worth (vs. instrumental value), love, the Memoir Club, Omega Workshops, pacifism, personal relations, post-impressionism, psychoanalysis

Die Brücke (“The Bridge”, also see “Expressionism”)
- Date: 1905-1913
- Location: Dresden, Germany
- Related figures: Erich Heckel (1883-1970), Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938), Emil Nolde(1867-1956), Max Pechstein (1881-1955)
- Related keyterms: bohemianism, bold color, distorted forms, (German) expressionism (vs. academic style), nudity, primitivism, printmaking, violent imagery, woodcut prints

Cubism
- Dates: c. 1907-1920
- Locations: Montmartre, Paris
- Related figures: Georges Braque (1882-1963), Robert DeLaunay (1885-1941), Juan Gris (1887-1927), Fernand Léger (1881-1955), Jean Metzinger (1883-1956), Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)
- Related keyterms: abstraction, analytic cubism, paper collage (papiers collés), contrasting vantage points (multiple viewpoints), flattening, fracturing, geometric forms, primitivism, re-assembled (reconstructed) form, simplified form, shallow space, the “sum of destructions,” synthetic cubism

Dada
- Dates: 1916-1922
- Locations: Zurich, Switzerland (Cabaret Voltaire); Cologne & Berlin, Germany; Paris; New York
- Related figures: Jean (Hans) Arp (1886-1966), Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968), Hugo Ball (1886-1927), Man Ray (1880-1976), Francis Picabia (1879-1953), Tristan Tzara (1896-1963)
- Related keyterms: anti-art (vs. aesthetics, academic art), anti-bourgeois, cacophony, chaos, collage, found objects, irrationality, manifesto, photo-montage, protest, ready-mades, satire

Expressionism
- Related Figures:
  - Visual Art: Marc Chagall (1887-1985), Erich Heckel (1883-1970), Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980), Franz Marc (1880-1916), Edvard Munch (1863-1944), Emil Nolde (1867-1956), Egon Schiele (1890-1918), Chaim Soutine (1893-1943)
  - Drama: Georg Kaiser (1878-1945), Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980), Reinhard Sorge (1892-1916), August Strindberg (1849-1912), Ernst Toller (1893-1939)
  - Theory: Wilhelm Worringer (1881-1965)
- Related keyterms: station plays (Stationendramen)

Fauvism (Fauves, “wild beasts”)
- Dates: 1907-1907
- Location: France
- Key figures: André Derain (1880-1954), Maurice de Vlaminck (1876-1958), Henri Matisse (1869-1954), Kees van Dongan (1877-1968)
- Related keyterms: abstraction, primitivism, pure color, simplification

Futurism
- Locations: Italy
- Related figures: Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, F. T. Marinetti
- Related keyterms: motion, multiple perspectives, “parole in libertà” (words at liberty)

Georgian Poetry
- Dates: 1911-1920s
- Location: England
- Related figures: Lascelles Abercrombie, Rupert Brooke, W. H. Davies, Walter de la Mare, John Drinkwater, John Freeman, W. W. Gibson, Robert Graves, D. H. Lawrence, Edward Marsh, John Masefield, Harold Monro, Siegfried Sassoon, J. C. Squire, James Stephens
- Related keyterms: anthologies of Georgian Poetry (1912, 1915, 1917, 1919, 1922), conservatism, Squirearchy

Harlem Renaissance
- Dates: 1919 – early 1930s
- Location: New York City
- Related figures: Josephine Baker, Eubie Blake, Arna Bontemps, Stirling Brown, Countee Cullen, W. E. B. Du Bois, Alice Dunbar-Nelson, Duke Ellington, Jessie Fauset, Rudolf Fisher, Angelina W. Grimke, Billie Holliday, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Georgia Douglas Johnson, James Weldon Johnson, Nella Larsen, Jacob Lawrence, Alain Locke, Claude McKay, Paul Robeson, George Schuyler, Bessie Smith, Jean Toomer, Carl Van Vechten, Walter White
- Related keyterms: The Cotton Club, New Negro, roaring twenties

Imagism
- Locations: London
- Related figures: Richard Aldington, John Gould Fletcher, Flint, H. D., T. E. Hulme (1883-1917), Amy Lowell, Ezra Pound
- Related keyterms: classicism (vs. romanticism), free verse (vers libre), “hard, dry” verse, impersonality (vs. psychological depth)

Impressionism
- Dates: late 19th – early 20 century
- Locations: France: Giverny, Salon des Refusés (Paris)
- Related figures: Eugene Chevreul, Courbet, Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, James Abott McNeill Whistler; Joseph Conrad, Stephen Crane
- Related keyterms: design, flatness

Modernismo
Naturalism
- Related figures: Stephen Crane, Theodor Dreiser, Emile Zola

Die Neue Sachlichkeit (“The New Objectivity”)
- Dates: early 1920s-1933
- Related figures: Otto Dix (1891-1969), George Grosz (1893-1959)
- Related keyterms: caricature, degenerate art, realism, satire, ugliness, Verism

Orientalism
- Related keyterms: haiku, Japanese prints, Japanisme

Parnassians
- Related figures: Leconte de Lisle

Post-Impressionism (also see “Fauvism”)
- Locations: England, France
- Related figures: Paul Cézanne, Roger Fry, Clive Bell, Vanessa Bell
- Related keyterms: First and Second Post-Impressionist Exhibitions

Russian Formalism
- Related figures: Victor Shlovsky
- Related keyterms: defamiliarization

De Stijl
- Related figures: Theo van Doesburg, Piet Mondrian

Suprematism
- Dates: 1913-1919
- Location: Russia
- Related figures: Kazimir Malevich, Vladimir Mayakovsky
- Related keyterms: abstraction, purity, simple geometrical forms

Surrealism
- Dates: early 1920s
- Location: France, Spain, Mexico
- Related figures: Louis Aragon, Andre Breton, Paul Eluard, Salvador Dali, Max Ernst
- Related keyterms: communism, desire, dreams, Freud, manifesto, unconscious

Symbolism
- Location: France
- Related figures: Stéphane Mallarmé, Arthur Symons
- Related keyterms: Fauvism, synesthesia

Unanimism
- Date: 1908
- Location: France
- Related figures: Jules Romains
- Related keyterms: the Abbaye, collective emotion, crowd behavior, group consciousness

Vienna Secession
- Dates: 1897-1905
- Location: Vienna, Austria
- Related figures: Josef Hoffmann, Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser
- Related keyterms: anti-academic art, impressionism

Vorticism (Also see: Cubism, Futurism)
- Dates: 1914-15
- Location: London
- Related figures: Jessica Dismorr, Jacob Epstein, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, T. E. Hulme (1883-1917), Wyndham Lewis, Ezra Pound, Wilhelm Worringer (1881-1965)
- Related keyterms: Blast, machine, movement, Rebel Art Center

War Poets (British poetry from World War I)
- Related figures: Edmund Blunden (1896-1974), Rupert Brooke (1887-1915), Robert Graves (1895-1985), Ivor Gurney (1890-1937), David Jones (1895-1974), Robert Nichols (1893-1944), Wilfred Owen (1893-1918), Isaac Rosenberg (1890-1918), Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967), Charles Sorley (1895-1915), Edward Thomas (1878-1917)
- Related keyterms: poetry form the trenches, soldier poet, gas warfare, disillusionment, shell shock